Snow horns

ABSTRACT

A snow horn device for dispensing carbon dioxide snow in the form of a ribbon of substantially uniform width includes a conduit into which liquid CO 2  is expanded to form solid and gaseous carbon dioxide which in turn is directed as a stream into a curved horn section of increasing, rectangular cross sectional area. The gaseous and solid CO 2  stream is deflected to the outer curved portion of the horn section, and ambient atmosphere is introduced therein to create a pressure differential that causes solid CO 2  to be spread evenly along the outer curved section. Alternately, the inner and outer curved horn sections are warmed by a flow of liquid CO 2  which prevents solid CO 2  from sticking to the curved surfaces. Solid carbon dioxide is discharged from the outlet of the horn section onto a moving surface in the form of a ribbon having a width approximately equal to the width of the horn section and at a uniform depth. Ribbons of such solid carbon dioxide may be formed on conveyor belts of freezing tunnels to enable refrigeration to be applied to the underside of items placed on such ribbons of CO 2  snow.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 295,282, filed Aug. 24, 1981 now U.S. Pat. No. 4,375,755.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to methods and apparatus for dispensing a fluid and more particularly to methods and apparatus for depositing solid carbon dioxide in a predetermined pattern.

Carbon dioxide has been used for many years as a refrigerant for items of food and other material. Typically, liquid carbon dioxide is maintained under a pressure above the triple point pressure (60 psig) and is released through a nozzle to atmospheric pressures which results in a conversion of liquid carbon dioxide to the solid and gaseous phases. This phase conversion results in a reduction in the temperature of carbon dioxide to approximately -109° F. Typically, liquid CO₂ is used to supply the refrigeration necessary to either freeze or chill items such as food or the like in tunnel freezers, spiral belt freezers, tumblers, blenders, etc. It is common practice to simply discharge liquid CO₂ through a nozzle into one of the aforementioned refrigerating devices to reduce the temperature therein and products passed therethrough to predetermined values. The use of nozzles, however, results in a point source discharge of a spray of solid and gaseous carbon dioxide and consequently, the resulting flow of particles of solid CO₂, i.e. snow, is not readily controllable. In many installations, liquid CO₂ may be injected into a freezing tunnel and simply blown by fans to sublime solid CO₂ which in turn chills the internal atmosphere of the freezing or refrigerating device. A typical device is illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 3,708,995 which, as mentioned above, operates to simply move CO₂ about the interior of the freezing tunnel.

Another technique for depositing carbon dioxide snow on products to be refrigerated is illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 3,757,367. In the devices illustrated in these references, liquid CO₂ is discharged through a nozzle into a J-tube configuration wherein a stream of solid and gaseous CO₂ is directed downwardly and then caused to flow upwardly toward an outlet of the tube. Prior to reaching the outlet, a separator blade or other sharp protruberance is utilized to separate the solid and gaseous CO₂ such that the separated solid CO₂ is removed from the tube and is caused to fall downwardly in a random fashion onto product being refrigerated. U.S. Pat. No. 4,111,671 discloses a similar device utilizing a separator blade although the solid-gaseous carbon dioxide stream is not supplied to an upwardly extending portion of the conduit into which liquid CO₂ is supplied. It has been found that the devices illustrated in these references rely on the flow of solid CO₂ through a relatively small orifice at the point of solid-gas separation. Consequently, solid CO₂ tends to agglomerate at such a point and eventually can clog the orifice which frustrates the intended purpose of this device. In order to avoid such clogging, it is known to heat the separating blade or other protruberance, although this technique requires that CO₂ be dispensed on an intermittent, as opposed to continuous, basis. Thus, the separation devices described in these references have not been found to be fully effective from an operational viewpoint and at best, simply dispense solid carbon dioxide in a random fashion on a product being refrigerated and does not enable the deposition of a controlled, predetermined pattern of carbon dioxide snow on a moving surface.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,166,364 describes a technique which ostensibly ameliorates the problems of blade separation employed in J-tube solid-gas CO₂ separating devices. In the device described in this patent, a hood arrangement is utilized to deflect solid CO₂ emanating from a J-tube downwardly onto a product to be refrigerated. Although this technique may improve solid-gaseous CO₂ separation, the device is bulky and not readily adapted for use with tunnel freezers. Furthermore, this device does not permit the formation of ribbons of solid carbon dioxide of a substantially controlled, uniform thickness on a moving surface.

In the course of refrigerating products such as hamburger patties on a conveyor belt of a tunnel freezer, it has been found that the top side of such patties is readily frozen upon contact with the chilled ambient atmosphere in the tunnel freezer. However, the underside of such patties is not so easily refrigerated or frozen even though the patties are conveyed on a wire link belt or the like. Thus, in order to reduce the residence time of patties in the tunnel and hence reduce the consumption of CO₂ refrigerant required per unit weight of patties frozen, it is beneficial to deposit a layer of solid refrigerant on the belt of a tunnel freezer or other surface supporting the items being refrigerated. Upon exposure of such items to the internal atmosphere of the refrigerating device, heat is effectively removed from the items from both the top and bottom surfaces upon entry into the refrigerating device. Prior art refrigerating devices, as mentioned above, have not been adequate to so refrigerate both sides of an item and devices for depositing carbon dioxide snow onto products being refrigerated have not been effective to deposit CO₂ snow on conveyor belts or the like in predetermined patterns of controlled width and uniform thickness. Thus, a clear need exists in the art for a device and method for effectively depositing ribbons of solid carbon dioxide in predetermined patterns of uniform thickness.

OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the present invention to provide improved methods and apparatus for dispensing liquid carbon dioxide.

It is another object of the present invention to provide improved methods and apparatus for depositing carbon dioxide snow in predetermined patterns on a moving surface.

It is still another object of the present invention to provide improved methods and apparatus for depositing carbon dioxide snow in ribbons of substantially uniform width and depth on a moving surface.

It is yet another object of the present invention to provide improved methods and apparatus for enabling refrigeration to be effectively supplied to both sides of items on a moving surface such as conveyor belts of freezing tunnels.

Other objects of the invention will become apparent from the following description of exemplary embodiments thereof which follows and the novel features will be particularly pointed out in conjunction with the claims appended thereto.

SUMMARY

In accordance with the invention, means for depositing carbon dioxide snow in predetermined patterns is comprised of a conduit communicating with a horn section having curved inner and outer portions and which is of a substantially rectangular cross section, means for emitting liquid carbon dioxide into the conduit to form a stream of CO₂ snow and gas which is passed into the horn section and means disposed in the horn section for inducing ambient atmosphere therein to develop a pressure gradient effective to spread solid carbon dioxide along the interior surface of the outer curved wall of the horn such that CO₂ snow is discharged from the horn outlet in the form of a ribbon of predetermined width and depth. Alternately, the stream of CO₂ snow and gas is warmed while in the horn section by indirect heat exchange with liquid CO₂ which action is effective to preclude solid CO₂ from clogging the horn section.

Preferably, the pressure of liquid carbon dioxide emitted into the conduit is maintained at a value of approximately 200 psig or less. Deflecting means are provided in the vicinity of the nozzle through which liquid CO₂ is emitted such that the stream of snow and gas is deflected to the outer curved wall of the horn section. Ambient atmosphere is induced into the horn section through an appropriate aperture and is effective to cleanse the inner curved surface of any solid carbon dioxide and spread solid CO₂ evenly along the interior surface of the outer curved wall of the horn section. This is achieved by a pressure gradient being established between the inner and outer curved surfaces of the horn section as a consequence of communication between the horn interior and ambient atmosphere. Thus, solid carbon dioxide is essentially separated without the use of separator blades or other protruberances in the horn section and solid CO₂ is cuased to trasverse the interior surface of the outer curved wall and is discharged from the horn section in the form of a ribbon of a width equal to the horn section width. The depth of the ribbon of solid carbon dioxide which is deposited upon discharge from the horn section will depend upon the rate at which liquid CO₂ is supplied to the nozzle of the device and the speed of a moving surface which receives the deposited solid carbon dioxide. Consequently, the apparatus according to the invention enables a ribbon of solid carbon dioxide to be formed in a precise pattern on a moving surface at a substantially uniform and constant depth.

In another embodiment of the invention, a flow of liquid CO₂ is supplied upwardly through one internal passage and downwardly through another before being removed and returned to the horn device for conversion to the stream of CO₂ snow and gas. This flow of liquid CO₂ is effective to warm the walls defining the passage for the stream of CO₂ snow and gas which, in turn, significantly reduces the tendency of solid CO₂ to stick to such walls and clog this latter passage.

It is also within the scope of the present invention to provide a plurality of snow horns adjacent to one another so as to enable a plurality of ribbons of solid carbon dioxide to be deposited on a moving surface such as the conveyor belt of a freezing tunnel or the interior wall of a refrigerating tumbler. In the event a plurality of snow horn devices according to the invention are utilized, liquid CO₂ may be supplied to such devices through a common manifold arrangement.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

The invention will be more clearly understood by reference to the following description of exemplary embodiments thereof in conjunction with the following drawing in which:

FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view of the snow horn apparatus according to the invention while

FIG. 1-A is an elevational view of the horn section; and

FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic view of the outlet of a horn section of the device according to the invention; and

FIG. 3 is a partial isometric view of a plurality of snow horn devices according to the invention disposed in proximity to the inlet of a freezing tunnel;

FIG. 4 is a partial isometric view of a plurality of snow horn devices according to the invention utilized with a refrigerating tumbler;

FIG. 5 is a diagrammatic view of a further embodiment of snow horn apparatus according to the invention.

FIG. 6 is a sectional view taken along the line A--A¹ of FIG. 5; and

FIG. 7 is a partial sectional view of the apparatus illustrated in FIG. 5.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

In the course of the following description of the method and apparatus according to the invention, reference will be made to certain terms which will now be defined. The term "ambient atmosphere" will be understood to mean an atmosphere comprised essentially of air and carbon dioxide. As the snow horn device according to the invention is readily adaptable for use in connection with freezing tunnels or other refrigerating systems, the ambient atmosphere surrounding the snow hron devices will typically be enriched in carbon dioxide with respect to normal ambient air due to the discharge of gaseous CO₂ from the snow horn device along with the sublimation of CO₂ snow. Reference will be made to a "freezing tunnel" which as those skilled in the art will appreciate, is essentially a system wherein products to be frozen are translated through a tunnel-like enclosure typically on a conveyor belt. However, the snow horn device according to the invention can be utilized in conjunction with other refrigerating systems and the terms "freezing tunnel" will be equally applicable to tumblers, spiral belt freezers and other known refrigeration systems. The term "moving surface" refers to surfaces such as conveyor belts, etc which are translated relative to the snow horn device although such devices could be caused to move relative to a given surface.

Referring now to FIG. 1, illustrated therein is an exemplary embodiment of snow horn device 10 according to the invention. This device includes a conduit 11 in which is disposed converting means 15 for emitting liquid carbon dioxide through a nozzle 30 and a horn section 12 disposed in communication with conduit 11. A suitable conduit 14 or other means for defining an aperture in horn section 12 is provided such that the interior thereof is placed in communication with ambient atmosphere. Horn section 12 is essentially comprised of inner and outer curved walls 16 and 18 and rectangular side portions such as wall 21 shown in FIG. 2. Thus, the cross sectional area of horn section 12 is essentially rectangular and increases in the direction from the lower portion toward outlet 20.

Disposed in conduit 11 are converting means 15 for converting a flow of liquid carbon dioxide to a stream of solid and gaseous CO₂. Converting means 15 include a first conduit 22 which is adapted to receive a flow of liquid carbon dioxide and which is coupled to a relief valve 24 by means of a suitable threaded coupling 26. Relief valve 24 is effective to decrease the pressure of liquid carbon dioxide supplied thereto, typically at 300 psig, to a pressure in the range of about 180-200 psig. The extent of pressure reduction is adjustable and relief valve 24 may take the form of a valve commercially available from the Nupro Company, Willoughby, Ohio under Model No. 4 CPA. Relief valve 24 is connected by a suitable coupling such as threaded coupling 28 to a nozzle element 30 which is provided with a lip portion 32. Liquid CO₂ which is supplied through nozzle 30 will, upon leaving this nozzle, be converted to solid and gaseous CO₂ as the exit end of nozzle 30 is at substantially atmospheric pressure. This stream of solid and gaseus CO₂ will be deflected by lip 32 as it travels upwardly in conduit 11 toward the left side thereof and along the interior wall of the outer curved wall 18 of horn section 12. The flow of solid and gaseous CO₂ in horn section 12 will develop centrifugal forces which causes the solid CO₂ to traverse a path essentially along the interior surface of wall 18 of horn section 12 as this stream flows toward outlet 20. This flow will develop a pressure gradient between walls 18 and 16 which is effective to induce ambient atmosphere through conduit 14 into horn section 12. This induced flow of ambient atmosphere is effective to cleanse the interior surface of wall 16 of any solid CO₂ to preclude the agglomeration of CO₂ snow which could eventually clog or block horn section 12 and is effective to spread solid CO₂ evenly along the interior surface of outer wall 18. As the solid CO₂ traversing the interior surface of wall 18 reaches outlet 20, solid CO₂ drops therefrom preferably onto a moving surface such as the conveyor belt of a freezing tunnel as illustrated in FIG. 3. The geometry of this flow of solid CO₂ is essentially a ribbon of CO₂ snow having a width equal to the width of outlet 20 illustrated in FIG. 2.

Referring now to FIG. 1-A, it will be understood that the cross sectional area of horn section 12 increases in the direction of CO₂ flow toward outlet 20. The mass flux of CO₂ which is the lbs/minute/area at different points along the path traversed by the solid and gaseous CO₂ stream through horn section 12 will decrease as the cross sectional area increases in the direction of CO₂ flow. It has been found that there is a limit to the maximum mass flux of carbon dioxide at the outlet 20 at which a ribbon of solid CO₂ can be deposited on a surface. It has also been found that in order to retain the CO₂ flow through device 10 at a mass flux level which enables such a ribbon to be deposited, it is necessary to reduce the velocity of the solid-gaseous CO₂ stream emanating from nozzle 30 of converting means 15. Consequently, by reducing the pressure of liquid CO₂ supplied to converting means 15 to a pressure of approximately 200 psig or less, and preferably between 180-200 psig, the aforementioned flow of solid and gaseous CO₂ will be such as to enable a ribbon of snow to be deposited on a moving surface disposed in proximity to outlet 20 of horn section 12. Alternately, the pressure of liquid CO₂ could be limited to the aforementioned range by suitable means disposed upstream of nozzle 30.

By providing means such as conduit 14 for enabling communication between the interior of horn section 12 and ambient atmosphere, the aforementioned pressure gradients will be established which facilitate a flow of solid CO₂ along the interior surface of wall 18 while removing any solid CO₂ which may attach to the interior surface of wall 16. Consequently, the features of (1) providing a substantially rectangular and increasing cross sectional area of horn section 12 in the direction of the CO₂ flow therethrough, (2) the reduction of pressure of liquid CO₂ to a value below approximately 200 psig, and (3) the induction of ambient atmosphere interiorly of horn section 12 all cooperate so as to enable a flow of solid CO₂ to form on a moving surface in proximity to outlet 20 in the form of a defined ribbon at a substantially uniform depth. It has been found that in the event liquid CO₂ is discharged from a nozzle in conduit 11 at a pressure of, for example, 300 psig or greater, the stream of solid CO₂ exiting from outlet 20 will simply not form as a ribbon on a moving surface and consequently, the desired formation of a ribbon of CO₂ snow at substantially uniform depth will be precluded.

Referring now to FIG. 3, illustrated therein is an exemplary embodiment of a plurality of snow horn devices 10 according to the invention disposed in proximity to the inlet end of a freezing tunnel 38. A conveyor 39, which may be driven by a conventional drive means such as roller 41, is disposed so as to receive a plurality of ribbons of solid CO₂ 40 deposited thereon. Liquid CO₂ is supplied through a manifold 23 and a plurality of conduits 22 to each of snow horn devices 10. Upon initiating a flow of liquid CO₂ to these devices, and translating conveyor belt 39, a plurality of ribbons of solid CO₂ of substantially uniform depth will be formed on conveyor 39. Items to be refrigerated, such as hamburger patties to be frozen, will, upon placement on ribbons 40, be refrigerated from underneath in addition to being refrigerated from the internal atmosphere of freezing tunnel 38.

Referring to FIG. 4, there is illustrated a refrigerating tumbler device 44 which may rotate in the direction of the arrow shown thereon and which is effective in known manner to refrigerate products introduced into one end of the tumbler and which traverse the length thereof as a refrigerant is supplied to the tumbler interior. Upon introducing liquid CO₂ into manifold 30 and through each of conduits 22, a plurality of ribbons of 45 of solid CO₂ will be deposited by snow horn devices 10 on the interior wall of tumbler 45. Consequently, it will be appreciated that the snow horn devices 10 illustrated in FIG. 1 can be used with a plurality of different types of refrigerating systems and are not limited solely to use in conjunction with freezing tunnels.

With reference to FIG. 5, device 10 includes a horn section 12 having first inlet 50 which is adapted to receive a liquid CO₂ flow which is passed through internal passages and is removed, as liquid CO₂ from outlet 52. This flow of liquid CO₂ is then supplied to a second inlet 54 and through a nozzle (not shown) whereby the liquid CO₂ flow is converted to a stream of CO₂ snow and gas. This latter stream follows a generally curved path through a space of increasing rectangular cross section as will be described hereafter and exits from device 10 through an outlet 56. The flow of liquid CO₂ and the flow of CO₂ snow and gas are maintained in indirect heat exchange relation while in device 10. This is accomplished by providing members or internal walls 57 and 59, a pair of each being disposed as illustrated in FIG. 6 so as to define a path for the flow of CO₂ snow and gas internally thereof. This flow will exit from device 10 through outlet 56 as mentioned above. Internal walls 57 and 59 generally follow the contour of the side walls of device 10 and curved walls 16, 18, respectively while further internal walls 62 and 64 are provided so as to space walls 57 and 59 from side walls 58 and 60, respectively. In this manner, internal passages 66 and 68 are defined in device 10. It will be understood that internal walls 62 and 64 do not extend to outlet 56 of device 10 but provide an opening communicating passages 66 and 68 with one another such that CO₂ may flow over the top of each of walls 62 and 64 as illustrated diagrammatically by the arrow shown in FIG. 6. Internal wall 62 is depicted in FIG. 7 as are the liquid CO₂ passages 66 and 68 while the arrow shows the direction of flow of liquid CO₂. Inner and outer curved horn sections 16 and 18 of horn section 12 are also illustrated together with one end wall 57 and outlet 56. Walls 57 and 59 define a passage of increasing rectangular cross section in the direction toward outlet 56.

In operation of the apparatus illustrated in FIGS. 5-7, liquid CO₂ is supplied to inlet 50 typically at 300 psig, 0° F. although this flow may be supplied at other pressures (above the triple point of CO₂, i.e., 60 psig) and corresponding equilibrium temperatures. This liquid CO₂ flow passes upwardly through passage 66, over the top of internal walls 62 and 64, and then downwardly through passage 68 through outlet 52. The liquid CO₂ flow is thus sub-cooled to a temperature below 0° F., say -10° F. or so, and is supplied to inlet 54 and through a nozzle (not shown) whereby the liquid phase is converted to a CO₂ solid and gas stream which exhibits a temperature of -109° F. This latter stream flows upwardly through the passage defined by walls 57 and 59 before leaving device 10 through outlet 56 as a substantially flat ribbon of solid CO₂ snow which may be utilized as described above in connection with other embodiments of the present invention.

As a consequence of supplying the flow of liquid CO₂ in indirect heat exchange with the stream of CO₂ snow and gas, walls 57 and 59 are warmed by the liquid CO₂ flow in passages 66 and 68. This warming of walls 57 and 59 tends to prevent solid CO₂ (i.e. snow) from sticking to the internal surfaces of these walls thereby facilitating the discharge of this stream through outlet 56 and precluding such solid CO₂ from clogging the passage internally of walls 57 and 59. It is believed that heat supplied to internal walls 57 and 59 by means of the liquid CO₂ flow is effective to sublime any solid CO₂ that attempts to stick to the internal surfaces thereof and thus, the tendency of such snow to clog device 10 is significantly, if not completely, minimized. It has been found that ambient moisture does not tend to agglomerate as ice on walls 57 and 59.

It will be understood that the embodiment of horn device 10 illustrated in FIGS. 5-7 does not rely upon the introduction of ambient atmosphere internally of the device nor any particular deflector elements or the like as shown in FIG. 1. Thus, conventional CO₂ nozzle elements for converting a flow of liquid CO₂ to a stream of CO₂ snow and gas may be utilized with the apparatus depicted in FIGS. 5-7. The direction of the flow of liquid CO₂ through passages 66 and 68, as described above, may be reversed.

The foregoing and other various changes in form and details may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Consequently, it is intended that the appended claims be interpreted as including all such changes and modifications. 

We claim:
 1. A snow horn device for depositing a ribbon of solid CO₂ of substantially uniform depth comprising:a horn section having an inlet and outlet and a rectangular cross section of increasing area in the direction from said inlet to said outlet and having curved inner and outer wall sections; means for discharging a flow of liquid CO₂ to form a stream of CO₂ solid and gas through said horn section from said inlet to said outlet; further curved inner and outer wall sections spaced away from said inner and outer wall sections, respectively, to form first and second passages, and means for placing said first and second passages in communication with one another to enable liquid CO₂ to flow sequentially through said passages and warm said inner and outer curved walls and cool said liquid CO₂ ; and means for supplying said cooled liquid CO₂ to said discharge means as said flow of liquid CO₂.
 2. The device defined in claim 1 additionally comprising means for suppying said liquid CO₂ to said first passage and wherein said means for supplying liquid CO₂ in indirect heat exchange relation also comprise means for connecting said second passage to said means for supplying said cooled liquid CO₂ to said discharge means. 